Publications

Explore my research publications across vision science, optometry, and related fields.

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Showing 10 of 67 publications
JOURNAL2025
Response of the human choroid to short-term changes in eyelid and periocular temperature
Safal Khanal, Philip RK Turnbull, Lucia Kim, John R Phillips
Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 108(5), pp. 578-584

Summary

This study utilised OCT to demonstrate that local cooling of the anterior eye via the eyelid causes a small but statistically significant increase in macular choroidal thickness. These findings suggest that the choroid plays a rapid thermoregulatory role and highlight environmental temperature as a confounding factor that must be controlled in clinical myopia research.

Khanal, S., Turnbull, P. R. K., Kim, L., & Phillips, J. R. (2025). Response of the human choroid to short-term changes in eyelid and periocular temperature. Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 108(5), 578-584. https://doi.org/10.1080/08164622.2024.2377391

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JOURNAL2025
The expanding scope of the Aotearoa New Zealand optometric workforce
Philip RK Turnbull, Inhae Park, Richard Johnson
Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 108, pp. 1-3

Summary

An analysis of a decade of professional data reveals that NZ optometrists have safely issued over half a million prescriptions, primarily for glaucoma and dry eye. The report advocates for the further expansion of the optometric scope into intravitreal injections and laser procedures to improve national eye care equity and reduce hospital waitlists.

Turnbull, P. R. K., Park, I., & Johnson, R. (2025). The expanding scope of the Aotearoa New Zealand optometric workforce. Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 108, 1-3. https://doi.org/10.1080/08164622.2025.2460609

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JOURNAL2025
A baseline audit of the population groups accessing optometry training clinics in Aotearoa New Zealand: looking towards equity in eye care
Lucy K Goodman, Jinfeng Zhao, Arier Lee, Lydia Han, Jaymie T Rogers, Geraint Phillips, Philip RK Turnbull, Jacqueline Ramke
Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 109, pp. 1-7

Summary

This audit found that university-based training clinics are less accessible to people living in high-deprivation areas, who often travel the furthest for care. It recommends increasing funding for community outreach and mobile eye clinics to foster equity and provide diverse clinical training for future optometrists.

Goodman, L. K., Zhao, J., Lee, A., Han, L., Rogers, J. T., Phillips, G., Turnbull, P. R. K., & Ramke, J. (2025). A baseline audit of the population groups accessing optometry training clinics in Aotearoa New Zealand: looking towards equity in eye care. Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 109, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1080/08164622.2024.2433597

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JOURNAL2025
Participation in population-based eye health surveys is lower but more gender-balanced in high-compared to low-and middle-income countries
Lucy Goodman, Philip Turnbull, Ian McCormick, Deborah Ewuru, Jennifer R Evans, Matthew J Burton, Jacqueline Ramke
Wellcome Open Research, 10, pp. 203

Summary

A systematic review of global surveys found that while participation is generally high, it is declining in high-income nations. The study highlights that gender balance is more equitable in high-income settings, whereas women are more likely to participate in lower-income regions.

Goodman, L., Turnbull, P., McCormick, I., Ewuru, D., Evans, J. R., Burton, M. J., & Ramke, J. (2025). Participation in population-based eye health surveys is lower but more gender-balanced in high-compared to low-and middle-income countries. Wellcome Open Research, 10, 203. https://doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.23976.1

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JOURNAL2025
The impact of soft contact lens wear on tear film lipid layer characteristics
Jennifer P Craig, Kalika Bandamwar, Eujin Kang, Fiona Li, Philip RK Turnbull
Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 66(8), pp. 5622-5622

Summary

Published in IOVS, this study investigated how various soft contact lens materials disrupt the stability of the tear film lipid layer. The research identifies material-specific impacts that can inform the selection of lenses for patients prone to dryness and discomfort.

Craig, J. P., Bandamwar, K., Kang, E., Li, F., & Turnbull, P. R. K. (2025). The impact of soft contact lens wear on tear film lipid layer characteristics. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 66(8), 5622-5622. https://doi.org/10.1016/0892-8967(96)88963-2

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REPORT2025
Guidelines for the use of artificial intelligence in optometry and optical dispensing in New Zealand
Philip RK Turnbull

Summary

This foundational report outlines the ethical and professional standards for integrating AI into New Zealand clinical practice. It focuses on diagnostic accuracy, patient data privacy, and the standardised implementation of AI-driven tools in primary eye care.

Turnbull, P. R. K. (2025). Guidelines for the use of artificial intelligence in optometry and optical dispensing in New Zealand. [Report]. https://odob.in1touch.org/document/8314/Guidelines%20for%20use%20of%20AI%202025.pdf

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JOURNAL2025
Diagnosing Colour Vision Deficiencies Using Eye Movements (Without Dedicated Eye-Tracking Hardware)
Aryaman Taore, Gabriel Lobo, Philip RK Turnbull, Steven C Dakin
Journal of Eye Movement Research, 18(5), pp. 51

Summary

This paper describes a breakthrough diagnostic test that uses a standard tablet's front camera to detect colour vision defects via reflexive eye movements. The study proves that this hardware-agnostic approach is as effective as traditional methods, making objective colour screening highly accessible.

Taore, A., Lobo, G., Turnbull, P. R. K., & Dakin, S. C. (2025). Diagnosing Colour Vision Deficiencies Using Eye Movements (Without Dedicated Eye-Tracking Hardware). Journal of Eye Movement Research, 18(5), 51. https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/s3hxa

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JOURNAL2025
Emerging research on non-neovascular age-related macular degeneration treatments
Xiaohan Ju, Jacqueline Ramke, Philip RK Turnbull
Clinical and Experimental Optometry, pp. 1-9

Summary

This scoping review of over 130 studies from the past decade identifies antioxidant and complement pathway inhibitors as the most promising avenues for treating geographic atrophy. It notes a 24% annual increase in research activity, signalling a significant shift towards effective atrophic AMD therapies.

Ju, X., Ramke, J., & Turnbull, P. R. K. (2025). Emerging research on non-neovascular age-related macular degeneration treatments. Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1080/08164622.2025.2579872

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REPORT2025
The optometrist and dispensing optician workforce in Aotearoa New Zealand 2025
PRK Turnbull

Summary

This latest workforce survey report provides critical demographics and trends for the eye care profession in NZ. It serves as a strategic data source for the ODOB to identify service gaps and support a workforce that responds to evolving public needs.

Turnbull, P. R. K. (2025). The optometrist and dispensing optician workforce in Aotearoa New Zealand 2025. [Report]. https://odobportal.in1touch.org/document/8495/Workforce%20survey%202024-2025.pdf

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JOURNAL2024
Classification of short and long term mild traumatic brain injury using computerized eye tracking
Alice Cade, Philip RK Turnbull
Scientific reports, 14(1), pp. 12686

Summary

This research utilised machine learning to categorise concussion stages based on oculomotor metrics like VOR gain and fixation stability. The model provides an objective pathway for identifying brain injury when standard imaging remains inconclusive.

Cade, A., & Turnbull, P. R. K. (2024). Classification of short and long term mild traumatic brain injury using computerized eye tracking. Scientific reports, 14(1), 12686. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-63540-8

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